The Voyager Mission

In 1979, two tiny spacecraft were launched on one-way missions of planetary discovery. They were the twin  Voyager spacecraft, predecessors to the  Cassini spacecraft at Saturn, the Juno mission at Jupiter, and the New Horizons mission to Pluto and beyond. They were preceded in gas giant space by the Pioneers 10 and 11. The Voyagers, which are still transmitting data back to Earth as they leave the solar system, each  carry an array of cameras and instruments designed to  record magnetic, atmospheric, and other data about the planets and their moons, and to send images and data for further study back on Earth.   Voyagers Trips Voyager 1 is speeding along at about 57,600 kph (35,790 mph), which is  fast enough to travel from Earth to the Sun three and a half times in one year. Voyager 2 is   Both spacecraft  carry a gold record greeting to the universe  containing sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth. The two-spacecraft Voyager missions were designed to replace original plans for a Grand Tour of the planets that would have used four complex spacecraft to explore the five outer planets during the late 1970s. NASA canceled the plan in 1972 and instead proposed to send two spacecraft to Jupiter and Saturn in 1977. They were  designed to explore the two gas giants in more detail than the two Pioneers (Pioneers 10 and 11) that preceded them. The Voyager Design and Trajectory The original design of the two spacecraft was based on that of the older Mariners (such as Mariner 4, which went to Mars). Power was provided by three plutonium oxide radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) mounted at the end of a boom. Voyager 1 was launched after Voyager 2, but because of a faster route, it exited the Asteroid Belt earlier than its twin. Both spacecraft got gravitational assists at each planet they passed, which aligned them for their next targets.   Voyager 1 began its Jovian imaging mission in April 1978 at a range of 265 million kilometers from the planet; images sent back by January the following year indicated that Jupiters atmosphere was more turbulent than during the Pioneer flybys in 1973 and 1974. Voyager Studies Jupiters Moons On February 10, 1979, the spacecraft crossed into the Jovian moon system, and in early March, it had already discovered a thin (less than 30 kilometers thick) ring circling Jupiter. Flying past Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto (in that order) on March 5th, Voyager 1 returned spectacular photos of these worlds. The more interesting find was on Io, where images showed a bizarre yellow, orange and brown world with a least eight active volcanoes spewing material into space, making it one of the most (if not the most) geologically active planetary bodies in the solar system. The spacecraft also discovered two new moons, Thebe and Metis. Voyager 1s closest encounter with Jupiter was at 12:05 UT on March 5, 1979, at a range of 280,000 kilometers. On to Saturn Following the Jupiter encounter, Voyager 1 completed a single course correction on April 89 1979, in preparation for its rendezvous with Saturn. The second correction on October 10, 1979, ensured that the spacecraft would not hit Saturns moon Titan. Its flyby of the Saturn system in November 1979 was as spectacular as its previous encounter. Exploring Saturns Icy Moons Voyager 1 found five new moons and a ring system consisting of thousands of bands, discovered a new ring (the G  Ring), and found shepherding satellites on either side of the F-ring satellites that keep the rings well defined. During its flyby, the spacecraft photographed Saturns moons Titan, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea. Based on incoming data, all the moons appeared to be largely composed of water ice. Perhaps the most interesting target was Titan, which Voyager 1 passed at 05:41 UT on  November 12th at a range of 4,000 kilometers. Images showed a thick atmosphere that completely hid the surface. The spacecraft found that the moons atmosphere was composed of 90 percent nitrogen. Pressure and temperature at the surface were 1.6 atmospheres and -180 ° C, respectively. Voyager 1s closest approach to Saturn was at 23:45 UT on November 12,  1980, at a range of 124,000 kilometers. Voyager 2 followed up with visits to Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981, Uranus in 1986, and Neptune in 1986. Like its sister ship, it investigated planetary atmospheres, magnetospheres, gravitational fields, and climates, and discovered fascinating facts about the moons of all the planets. Voyager 2 also was the first to visit all four gas giant planets. Outward Bound Because of the specific requirements for  the Titan flyby, the spacecraft was not directed to Uranus and Neptune. Instead,  following the encounter with Saturn, Voyager 1 headed on a trajectory out of the solar system at a speed of 3.5 AU per year. It is on a course 35 ° out of the ecliptic plane to the north, in the general direction of the Suns motion relative to nearby stars. It is now in interstellar space, having passed through the  heliopause boundary, the outer limit of the Suns magnetic field, and the outward flow of the solar wind. Its the first spacecraft from Earth to travel into interstellar space. On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1  became the most distant human-made object in existence when it surpassed Pioneer 10s range from Earth. In mid-2016, the  Voyager 1  was more than  20 billion kilometers from Earth (135 times the Sun-Earth distance) and continuing to move away, while maintaining a tenuous radio link with Earth. Its power supply should last through 2025, allowing the transmitter to keep sending back information about the interstellar environment. Voyager 2 is on a trajectory headed out toward the star Ross 248, which it will encounter in about 40,000 years, and pass by Sirius in just under 300,000 years. It will keep transmitting as long as it has power, which may also be until the year 2025.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Google Financial Analysis On The Health Of A Business

Google: Financial Analysis Financial statements provide a picture of the health of a business is and how prepared they are to face the challenges ahead. Publically traded companies are required to post financial statements and a detailed 10-K report on the SEC website. This is a tool that creditors, analysts, and investors use in assessing the health and future of a company. This information is also used by management and decision makers to spot potential problems and move in a more positive direction. Google has enjoyed great success, but they are not immune to challenge and their 10-K report is an accurate representation of these challenges. Google’s Business Model Google is a global technology leader providing products and services†¦show more content†¦Factors include increasing competition, changes in property, platform, and geographical mix, challenges maintaining growth rate, and the evolution of the online advertising market including an increased variety of online platforms. Google believes they will experience downward pressure as a result of increased competition and expenditures. All of these factors could have an adverse effect on Google’s financial results. Analysis of Financial Ratio’s A successful business requires effective planning and financial management. Ratio analysis can improve understanding of the financial results and trends over time, providing key indicators of organizational performance (Demonstrating Value, n.d.). Financial ratios are used by stakeholders including creditors, corporate controllers, accountants, financial analysts, and investors. Analyzing ratios can help determine the liquidity, profitability, debt management, and stability of a corporation. Time series analysis allows users to see where a company has been and where they appear to be going and comparing the ratios to competitors offers insight into the ability to compete and thrive in their markets. DuPont Ratio’s DuPont analysis is a method of performance measurement started by the DuPont Corporation in the 1920s (Investopedia, n.d.). Total asset turnover indicates how much revenue is generated from every dollar spent on

Nursing International Normalised Ratio

Question: Discuss about the Nursing for International Normalised Ratio. Answer: Introduction: An 86 year old man was admitted for surgery of fractured neck of the femur. Due to an elevated level of international normalised ratio (INR) up to 1.6, the patient needed a unit of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The medical officer (MO) took group O FFP instead of group A and gave it to the nurse. The nurse on duty and the patient service attendant (PSA) did not check the paperwork for FFP unit and administered the wrong FFP of group O. As a result, the transfusion was incompatible. Plasma of group O contains both A and B antibodies and is therefore potentially incompatible for group A and group B (Puetz, 2013). The nursing and medical staff were under the impression that group O was the universal group both for FFP and red blood cells. But due to the presence of both A and B antibodies plasma from group O is incompatible for group A and group B patients. In this case study, incorrect FFP was administered to the patient, but the error was detected soon and immediate treatments were conducted. As a consequence of this incompatible transfusion, the patient experienced a mild rise in bilirubin. His surgery procedure was postponed as a safety measure to observe him for additional outcomes of the incorrect transfusion therapy. There are several cases of group O plasma and platelet transfusion to patients with other blood groups. Some of these cases showed delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction, complicated recovery, even morbidity (Zimring Spitalnik, 2015). Transfusion of plasma, platelets and blood can save a life. An error in transfusion process, at the same time, may take life. As described by Pandey and Vyas (2015), incompatible transfused blood cells react with the anti-A or anti-B antibodies of patients which can lead to complement activation and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). There is about one in three of ABO incompatibility and ten percent mortality rate with severe reactions observed among group O individuals received group A red blood cells (Bersus et al., 2013). Being a nurse, I believe that we have the last opportunity to prevent transfusion errors. Most transfusion errors result from human mistakes and therefore, can be preventable. Transfusion errors, resulting in the patients getting the inappropriate blood components, remains the leading risk associated with transfusion. I chose this case because I think a nurse can increase compliance in high-risk cases of the transfusion and decrease the potential for mistakes by evolving accessible blood transfusion policies, auditable action standards and preparation, and learning initiatives. Understanding and awareness about pathophysiology of transfusion reactions, symptoms and treatment methods are vital for safe administration and observation of transfusions (Stout Joseph, 2016). This case study is significant because I want to enhance my professional skills and prevent every chance of transfusion errors. I also want to raise awareness among nurses and medical staff about incorrect transfusion to reduce similar incidents (Hijji et al., 2013) and this case study can help me to accomplish my purposes for improved patient care. The incident was a result of mistakes done by multiple health care staff. The first mistake was committed by the MO who went to the laboratory to collect a unit of FFP. The laboratory scientist showed him the location of FFP and told the MO to take it after signing the blood register. But the FFP collected by the MO was not labelled and was allocated for another patient which was group O FFP. Here is also a mistake of laboratory scientist who did not label the allocated FFP. The MO took the FFP without product details and patients details in the blood register. The MO gave the FFP to the charged nurse of the patient. The nurse was unaware of the transfusion process but noted the lack of paperwork and sent the PSA with the FFP unit again to the laboratory to collect the required paperwork. When the PSA returned, told the nurse there was no paperwork for this unit of FFP and checking was not required. But the laboratory staff stated that they never talked to that PSA regarding the FFP. The nurses believed the PSA and thought that group O is the universal group for FFP and administered the wrong FFP of group O to the 86-year-old man who needed group A. The patient suffered a mild rise in bilirubin due to incompatible transfusion and his surgery was delayed. The whole incident was a result of lack of concern, attentiveness and communication among the medical staff members. My first priority is to never do or let incorrect transfusion of blood or blood components happen. If yet similar clinical condition occurs I will do every possible intervention to recover and restore the patient's health. Monitoring the signs and symptoms of transfusion reaction like fever, low back pain, headache, and haemoglobinuria are vital. Clinical signs of delayed haemolytic reactions are mild jaundice, fever, fall in haemoglobin etc. and febrile non-haemolytic reactions include the rise in body temperature, headaches, chills, anxiety and flushing (Crookston et al., 2015). On detection of any of the signs, I will stop the transfusion immediately and will notify the doctors. Initializing IV line for saline (0.9% NaCl) is important. Then I will collect urine sample as soon as possible to determine the presence of haemoglobin due to red blood cell haemolysis (Crookston et al., 2015 and Yahalom Zelig, 2015). Being the nurse in-charge, I should stay with the patient for observing other signs and symptoms and determination of vital signs in every five minutes interval. The patient should be placed in Fowler's position if shortness of breath is observed and immediate administering oxygen therapy is essential. After notifying the physician I must administer emergency drugs like vasopressor, antihistamines, steroids and fluids as per protocol doctors instruction. Then I need to evaluate conditions like the patient is reporting any discomfort, patient is maintaining normal breathing pattern, the patients are maintaining good fluid balance, the patient is demonstrating satisfactory cardiac output etc. (Crookston et al., 2015). References Bersus, O., Boman, K., Nessen, S. C., Westerberg, L. A. (2013). Risks of hemolysis due to anti-A and anti-B caused by the transfusion of blood or blood components containing ABO-incompatible plasma.Transfusion, 53(S1), 114S-123S. Crookston, K. P., Koenig, S. C., Reyes, M. D. (2015). Transfusion reaction identification and management at the bedside.Journal of Infusion Nursing, 38(2), 104-113. Hijji, B., Parahoo, K., Hussein, M. M., Barr, O. (2013). Knowledge of blood transfusion among nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,22(17-18), 2536-2550. Pandey, S., Vyas, G. N. (2012). Adverse effects of plasma transfusion. Transfusion,52(s1), 65S-79S. Puetz, J. (2013). Fresh frozen plasma: the most commonly prescribed hemostatic agent.Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis,11(10), 1794-1799. Stout, L., Joseph, S. (2016). Blood transfusion: patient identification and empowerment.British Journal of Nursing,25(3), 138-143. Yahalom, V., Zelig, O. (2015). Handling a transfusion haemolytic reaction. ISBT Science Series,10(S1), 12-19. Zimring, J. C., Spitalnik, S. L. (2015). Pathobiology of transfusion reactions.Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease,10, 83-110.

Why Steroids Are Bad free essay sample

E. D’s. Big-time athletes, like Barry Bonds, Mark McGuire, and Sammy Sosa, have all opened the doors to a whole new way sports will be played. So what are some of the most prominent people in society today telling all of America? They’re telling them two different stories that could mean life or death; two stories that could mean a promising career or no career at all. P. E. D usage must be stopped at both professional and school levels because the number of users is growing every single day. Performance enhancing drugs have slowly become a big part of professional sports. Many athletes are now relying on them to either boost their performance or help them recover faster from an injury; and it’s working too. Although they are getting better and recovering faster, they are hurting themselves, and the kids that look up to them. According to an article by Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Steroids Are Bad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Robert R Franks, Senator John McCain is worried about what affect that P. E. D usage in the MLB might have on high school athletes. What these young athletes fail to realize is the damaging effect steroids have on a person’s physical and psychological health over time,† says Michael J. Sampson, DO, an osteopathic sports medicine and family physician at Virginia Tech and Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine. â€Å"The more we learn about these drugs, the scarier they become. † Sometimes I wonder, â€Å"Do professional athletes know that they’re supposed to be role models? † I usually answer yes, as well as most of America will answer too. They know that they are â€Å"professionals†; they know they are role models. But it does not matter to them that they are doing something illegal. All that matters is money and success. The most important thing is that kids do idolize them. For example, if Barry Bonds uses steroids and Jonny Smith’s favorite player is Barry Bonds, a little light goes off in Jonny’s head that says, â€Å"If you want to be good and hit homeruns like your favorite player, do whatever he is doing. † Don’t you think that’s a problem? Because Barry Bonds would be very disappointed in Jonny since Jonny is essentially messing himself up for when he’s older. If P. E. D usage was made legal in professional sports, there would be a lot more athletes using P. E. D’s, and fans everywhere would notice an increase in performance. ABC and ESPN announcer Brett Musburger says that if a professional doctor administers professional athletes using performance enhancers, they could be used in a positive manner. In a way he is right, because the use of them in the right dosage would help athletes recover faster and give them the ability to be faster and stronger and ultimately, that is what the fans want to see no a days. But at what cost to an athletes health are they willing, or should they be willing to have better statistics? The side affects that performance enhancers can cause are not worth the â€Å"numbers† and frankly neither is the message or the hit your image takes worth it either. The most common health consequences from steroids include liver cancer, heart attacks and elevated cholesterol levels, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Steroids have also been shown to cause increased irritability and aggression. Dr. Gary Wadler, who leads the committee that determines the banned-substances list for the World Anti-Doping Agency says that,† Hes (Musburger) categorically wrong, and if hed like to spend a day in my office, I can show him voluminous literature going back decades about the adverse effects of steroids, If we want to put a stop to this breakout, the punishments handed out by our court system and commissioners need to fit the crime. One article by Bradley Sinko says that the punishment is not enough (Sinko). Obviously the unishment is not enough if professional athletes are still using them. Jose Conseco thinks that, â€Å"one day†¦steroid use will be more common then Botox is now. Every pro athlete will be using at least low levels of steroids. † (Conseco) Steroid use by every player would destroy baseball, and possibly all of professional sports in general. If players are still using steroids after knowing the punishments, then the punishments need to be stricter. If Major League Baseball does decide to up the punishment less players will take steroids, and less high school players will take P. E. D’s also. Professional athletes will feel cleaner, more natural, and will not have to look down upon young athletes who use steroids, even though the professional athletes themselves cause it. Every young child dreams of becoming a professional athlete and â€Å"It’s not hard to see why many kids grow up idolizing athletes. Some sports stars may deny they are role models for a younger generation, but a new study suggests quite the contrary. † (Stenson) 57% of kid’s middle school thorough high school said pro athletes influenced their decision to take anabolic steroids. Stenson) As much as young athletes know it is bad for them, they continue to use them. Young athletes know the affects and punishments of steroid usage, but even worse, they know how it can improve their game. They watch sports and they pay attention to stats. Then when they find out a guy who hit 60 homeruns uses steroids and he receives a small suspension they know that the punishment f or becoming better is not that severe. 57% said that even if it shortened their lives, they would take a pill or powder. (Stenson) So what’s wrong with this picture? Kids are putting performance before health and it is all because of professional athletes. Kids aren’t going to listen to Mark McGuire when he talks about how steroids are bad for you after he just hit 60 homeruns. Its not rocket science, athletes know kids follow in their footsteps and in order to keep the younger generations safe, the steroid usage and hypocrisies need to stop now. A message needs to be sent. A message needs to be sent to everyone. Steroid usage in professional sports needs to be stopped.